![]() ![]() Scrotal clinical manifestations during the acute stage of the infection usually range from a prevalent asymptomatic scenario to an unusually mild local discomfort (Pan et al. The male reproductive tract is gaining increasing attention as a primary target-organ system for infection, as the testicles widely express the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the viral entry receptor, whose co-expression with the viral priming transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) mediate SARS-CoV-2 cell invasion (Chen et al., 2020 Hallak et al., 2021). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was initially thought to be limited to the respiratory system however, it is increasingly revealing itself as a systemic disease with multiple organ-damage and pathological features being unravelled at an astonishing velocity by an unprecedented global effort from scientists, medical healthcare professionals and organizations (Nunes Duarte-Neto et al., 2020 Wiersinga et al., 2020). In December 2019, the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from the city of Wuhan in China, massively spreading worldwide, causing the harshest pandemic in humankind in more than a century, affecting 192 countries, causing the death of over 2.4 million people, remaining still largely uncontrolled and unpredictable, due to recent variants with potentially higher virulence (Dong et al., 2020 Wu et al. The use of colour Doppler ultrasound in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 men, even in the absence of testicular complaints, might be useful to diagnose epididymitis that could elicit fertility complications. Both patterns revealed increased epididymal head, augmented Doppler flow and scrotal skin thickening. Two distinct epididymitis’ patterns were reported: (a) disseminated micro-abscesses ( n = 6) and (b) inhomogeneous echogenicity with reactional hydrocele ( n = 5). ![]() Categorical and numerical outcome hypotheses were tested by Fisher's Exact and Mann–Whitney tests, using the Excel for Mac, version 16.29 ( p 1.2 cm ( p = .002). Statistical analysis compared independent groups, classified by any pathological change. Exclusion criteria involved any situation that could impair testicular function. A senior radiologist executed the ultrasound with multi-frequency linear probe in all participants, regardless of any scrotal complaints. We conduct a cross-sectional study in 18 to 55-year-old men hospitalised for confirmed COVID-19. ![]() Our study intended to investigate any testicular involvement in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 men. The testis is a potential target organ for SARS-CoV-2 infection. ![]()
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January 2023
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